The Bible in Its Traditions

Genesis 21:0; 1:1–7:24

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IN THE beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

GOD created the heavens and the earth in the very beginning.

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Now the earth was unformed and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God hovered over the face of the waters.

But the earth was unsightly and unfurnished, and darkness was over the deep, and the Spirit of God moved over the water.

But the earth was empty and unoccupied, and darknesses were over the face of the abyss; and so the Spirit of God was brought over the waters.

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And God said: 'Let there be light.' And there was light.

And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness.

And God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day.

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And God said: 'Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.'

And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the water, and let it be a division between water and water, and it was so.

God also said, “Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide waters from waters.”

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And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; and it was so.

And God called the firmament Heaven. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day.

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And God said: 'Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear.' And it was so.

And God said, Let the water which is under the heaven be collected into one place, and let the dry land appear, and it was so. And the water which was under the heaven was collected into its places, and the dry land appeared.

Truly God said: “Let the waters that are under heaven be gathered together into one place; and let the dry land appear.” And so it became.

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10  And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering together of the waters called He Seas; and God saw that it was good.

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11  And God said: 'Let the earth put forth grass, herb yielding seed, and fruit-tree bearing fruit after its kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth.' And it was so.

11  And God said, Let the earth bring forth the herb of grass bearing seed according to its kind and according to its likeness, and the fruit-tree bearing fruit whose seed is in it, according to its kind on the earth, and it was so.

11  And he said, “Let the land spring forth green plants, both those producing seed, and fruit-bearing trees, producing fruit according to their kind, whose seed is within itself, over all the earth.” And so it became.

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12  And the earth brought forth grass, herb yielding seed after its kind, and tree bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after its kind; and God saw that it was good.

12  And the earth brought forth the herb of grass bearing seed according to its kind and according to its likeness, and the fruit tree bearing fruit whose seed is in it, according to its kind on the earth, and God saw that it was good.

12  And the land brought forth green plants, both those producing seed, according to their kind, and trees producing fruit, with each having its own way of sowing, according to its species. And God saw that it was good.

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13  And there was evening and there was morning, a third day.

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14  And God said: 'Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years;

14  Then God said: “Let there be lights in the firmament of heaven. And let them divide day from night, and let them become signs, both of the seasons, and of the days and years.

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15  and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth.' And it was so.

15  Let them shine in the firmament of heaven and illuminate the earth.” And so it became.

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16  And God made the two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night; and the stars.

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17  And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,

17  And he set them in the firmament of heaven, to give light over all the earth,

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18  and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness; and God saw that it was good.

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19  And there was evening and there was morning, a fourth day.

19  And it became evening and morning, the fourth day.

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20  And God said: 'Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let fowl fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.'

20  And God said, Let the waters bring forth reptiles having life, and winged creatures flying above the earth in the firmament of heaven, and it was so.

20  And then God said, “Let the waters produce animals with a living soul, and flying creatures above the earth, under the firmament of heaven.”

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21  And God created the great sea-monsters, and every living creature that creepeth, wherewith the waters swarmed, after its kind, and every winged fowl after its kind; and God saw that it was good.

21  And God made great whales, and every living reptile, which the waters brought forth according to their kinds, and every creature that flies with wings according to its kind, and God saw that they were good.

21  And God created the great sea creatures, and everything with a living soul and the ability to move that the waters produced, according to their species, and all the flying creatures, according to their kind. And God saw that it was good.

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22  And God blessed them, saying: 'Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.'

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23  And there was evening and there was morning, a fifth day.

23  And it became evening and morning, the fifth day.

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24  And God said: 'Let the earth bring forth the living creature after its kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after its kind.' And it was so.

24  God also said, “Let the land produce living souls in their kind: cattle, and animals, and wild beasts of the earth, according to their species.” And so it became.

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25  And God made the beast of the earth after its kind, and the cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the ground after its kind; and God saw that it was good.

25  And God made the wild beasts of the earth according to their species, and the cattle, and every animal on the land, according to its kind. And God saw that it was good.

26  And God said: 'Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.'

26  And he said: “Let us make Man to our image and likeness. And let him rule over the fish of the sea, and the flying creatures of the air, and the wild beasts, and the entire earth, and every animal that moves on the earth.”

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27  And God created man in His own image, in the image of God created He him; male and female created He them.

27  And God made man, according to the image of God he made him, male and female he made them.

28  And God blessed them; and God said unto them: 'Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that creepeth upon the earth.'

28  And God blessed them, saying, Increase and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it, and have dominion over the fish of the seas and flying creatures of heaven, and all the cattle and all the earth, and all the reptiles that creep on the earth.

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29  And God said: 'Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed--to you it shall be for food;

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30  and to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is a living soul, I have given every green herb for food.' And it was so.

30  And to all the wild beasts of the earth, and to all the flying creatures of heaven, and to every reptile creeping on the earth, which has in itself the breath of life, even every green plant for food; and it was so.

30  and for all the animals of the land, and for all the flying things of the air, and for everything that moves upon the earth and in which there is a living soul, so that they may have these on which to feed.” And so it became.

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31  And God saw every thing that He had made, and, behold, it was very good. And there was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.

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2:1  And the heaven and the earth were finished, and all the host of them.

And so the heavens and the earth were completed, with all their adornment.

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2:2  And on the seventh day God finished His work which He had made; and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had made.

And God finished on the sixth day his works which he made, and he ceased on the seventh day from all his works which he made.

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2:3  And God blessed the seventh day, and hallowed it; because that in it He rested from all His work which God in creating had made.

So God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it; because in it he had rested from all his works which God created and made.

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2:4  These are the generations of the heaven and of the earth when they were created, in the day that YHWH God made earth and heaven.

This is the book of the generation of heaven and earth, when they were made, in the day in which the Lord God made the heaven and the earth,

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2:5  No shrub of the field was yet in the earth, and no herb of the field had yet sprung up; for YHWH God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground;

and every sapling of the field, before it would rise up in the land, and every wild plant, before it would germinate. For the Lord God had not brought rain upon the earth, and there was no man to work the land.

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2:6  but there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.

But a fountain ascended from the earth, irrigating the entire surface of the land.

But a powerful spring gushed out of the earth, and watered all the face of the ground.

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2:7  Then YHWH God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.

And God formed the man of dust of the earth, and breathed upon his face the breath of life, and the man became a living soul.

And then the Lord God formed man from the clay of the earth, and he breathed into his face the breath of life, and man became a living soul.

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2:8  And YHWH God planted a garden eastward, in Eden; and there He put the man whom He had formed.

Now the Lord God had planted a Paradise of enjoyment from the beginning. In it, he placed the man whom he had formed.

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2:9  And out of the ground made YHWH God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.

And God made to spring up also out of the earth every tree beautiful to the eye and good for food, and the tree of life in the midst of the garden, and the tree of learning the knowledge of good and evil.

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2:10  And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became four heads.

10  And a river proceeds out of Edem to water the garden, thence it divides itself into four heads.

10  And a river went forth from the place of enjoyment so as to irrigate Paradise, which is divided from there into four heads.

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2:11  The name of the first is Pishon; that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;

2:12  and the gold of that land is good; there is bdellium and the onyx stone.

2:13  And the name of the second river is Gihon; the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Cush.

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2:14  And the name of the third river is Tigris; that is it which goeth toward the east of Asshur. And the fourth river is the Euphrates.

14  And the third river is Tigris, this is that which flows forth over against the Assyrians. And the fourth river is Euphrates.

14  Truly, the name of the third river is the Tigris; it advances opposite the Assyrians. But the fourth river, it is the Euphrates.

2:15  And YHWH God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.

15  And the Lord God took the man whom he had formed, and placed him in the garden of Delight, to cultivate and keep it.

15  Thus, the Lord God brought the man, and put him into the Paradise of enjoyment, so that it would be attended and preserved by him.

2:16  And YHWH God commanded the man, saying: 'Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat;

16  And the Lord God gave a charge to Adam, saying, Of every tree which is in the garden thou mayest freely eat,

16  And he instructed him, saying: “From every tree of Paradise, you shall eat.

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2:17  but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it; for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.'

17  But from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, you shall not eat. For in whatever day you will eat from it, you will die a death.”

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2:18  And YHWH God said: 'It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a help meet for him.'

18  The Lord God also said: “It is not good for the man to be alone. Let us make a helper for him similar to himself.”

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2:19  And out of the ground YHWH God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto the man to see what he would call them; and whatsoever the man would call every living creature, that was to be the name thereof.

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2:20  And the man gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found a help meet for him.

20  And Adam gave names to all the cattle and to all the birds of the sky, and to all the wild beasts of the field, but for Adam there was not found a help like to himself.

20  And Adam called each of the living things by their names: all the flying creatures of the air, and all the wild beasts of the land. Yet truly, for Adam, there was not found a helper similar to himself.

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2:21  And YHWH God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; and He took one of his ribs, and closed up the place with flesh instead thereof.

21  And God brought a trance upon Adam, and he slept, and he took one of his ribs, and filled up the flesh instead thereof.

21  So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the place with flesh in its stead;

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2:22  And the rib, which YHWH God had taken from the man, made He a woman, and brought her unto the man.

22  And God formed the rib which he took from Adam into a woman, and brought her to Adam.

22  And the Lord God built up the rib, which he took from Adam, into a woman. And he led her to Adam.

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2:23  And the man said: 'This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.'

23  And Adam said: “Now this is bone from my bones, and flesh from my flesh. This one shall be called woman, because she was taken from man.”

2:24  Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife, and they shall be one flesh.

24  For this reason, a man shall leave behind his father and mother, and he shall cling to his wife; and the two shall be as one flesh.

2:25  And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed.

25  Now they were both naked: Adam, of course, and his wife. And they were not ashamed.

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3:1  Now the serpent was more subtle than any beast of the field which YHWH God had made. And he said unto the woman: 'Yea, hath God said: Ye shall not eat of any tree of the garden?'

Gn3:2  Now the serpent was the most crafty of all the brutes on the earth, which the Lord God made, and the serpent said to the woman, Wherefore has God said, Eat not of every tree of the garden?

However, the serpent was more crafty than any of the creatures of the earth that the Lord God had made. And he said to the woman, “Why has God instructed you, that you should not eat from every tree of Paradise?”

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3:2  And the woman said unto the serpent: 'Of the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat;

The woman responded to him: “From the fruit of the trees which are in Paradise, we eat.

3:3  but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said: Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.'

Yet truly, from the fruit of the tree which is in the middle of Paradise, God has instructed us that we should not eat, and that we should not touch it, lest perhaps we may die.”

3:4  And the serpent said unto the woman: 'Ye shall not surely die;

Then the serpent said to the woman: “By no means will you die a death.

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3:5  for God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as God, knowing good and evil.'

For God knows that, on whatever day you will eat from it, your eyes will be opened; and you will be like gods, knowing good and evil.”

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3:6  And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat; and she gave also unto her husband with her, and he did eat.

Gn3:7  And the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes to look upon and beautiful to contemplate, and having taken of its fruit she ate, and she gave to her husband also with her, and they ate.

And so the woman saw that the tree was good to eat, and beautiful to the eyes, and delightful to consider. And she took from its fruit, and she ate. And she gave to her husband, who ate.

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3:7  And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig-leaves together, and made themselves girdles.

Then the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.

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3:8  And they heard the voice of YHWH God walking in the garden toward the cool of the day; and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the YHWH God amongst the trees of the garden.

And when they had heard the voice of the Lord God taking a walk in Paradise in the afternoon breeze, Adam and his wife hid themselves from the face of the Lord God in the midst of the trees of Paradise.

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3:9  And YHWH God called unto the man, and said unto him: 'Where art thou?'

Gn3:10  And the Lord God called Adam and said to him, Adam, where art thou?

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3:10  And he said: 'I heard Thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself.'

Gn3:11  And he said to him, I heard thy voice as thou walkedst in the garden, and I feared because I was naked and I hid myself.

10  And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and when I saw that I was naked, I hid myself.

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3:11  And He said: 'Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat?'

Gn3:12  And God said to him, Who told thee that thou wast naked, unless thou hast eaten of the tree concerning which I charged thee of it alone not to eat?

11  He said to him, “Then who told you that you were naked, if you have not eaten of the tree from which I instructed you that you should not eat?”

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3:12  And the man said: 'The woman whom Thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.'

Gn3:13  And Adam said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me—she gave me of the tree and I ate.

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3:13  And YHWH God said unto the woman: 'What is this thou hast done?' And the woman said: 'The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.'

Gn3:14  And the Lord God said to the woman, Why hast thou done this? And the woman said, The serpent deceived me and I ate.

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3:14  And YHWH God said unto the serpent: 'Because thou hast done this, cursed art thou from among all cattle, and from among all beasts of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life.

Gn3:15  And the Lord God said to the serpent, Because thou hast done this thou art cursed above all cattle and all the brutes of the earth, on thy breast and belly thou shalt go, and thou shalt eat earth all the days of thy life.

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3:15  And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; they shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise their heel.'

15  I will put enmities between you and the woman, between your offspring and her offspring. She will crush your head, and you will lie in wait for her heel.”

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3:16  Unto the woman He said: 'I will greatly multiply thy pain and thy travail; in pain thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.'

Gn3:17  And to the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy pains and thy groanings; in pain thou shalt bring forth children, and thy submission shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.

16  To the woman, he also said: “I will multiply your labors and your conceptions. In pain shall you give birth to sons, and you shall be under your husband’s power, and he shall have dominion over you.”

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3:17  And unto Adam He said: 'Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying: Thou shalt not eat of it; cursed is the ground for thy sake; in toil shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life.

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3:18  Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field.

18  Thorns and thistles shall it produce for you, and you shall eat the plants of the earth.

3:19  In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken; for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.'

19  By the sweat of your face shall you eat bread, until you return to the earth from which you were taken. For dust you are, and unto dust you shall return.”

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3:20  And the man called his wife's name Eve; because she was the mother of all living.

Gn3:21  And Adam called the name of his wife Life, because she was the mother of all living.

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3:21  And YHWH God made for Adam and for his wife garments of skins, and clothed them.

21  Unto Adam also and to his wife did the LORD God make coats of skins, and clothed them.

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3:22  And YHWH God said: 'Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil; and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever.'

Gn3:23  And God said, Behold, Adam is become as one of us, to know good and evil, and now lest at any time he stretch forth his hand, and take of the tree of life and eat, and so he shall live forever—

22  And he said: “Behold, Adam has become like one of us, knowing good and evil. Therefore, now perhaps he may put forth his hand and also take from the tree of life, and eat, and live in eternity.”

3:23  Therefore YHWH God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken.

Gn3:24  So the Lord God sent him forth out of the garden of Delight to cultivate the ground out of which he was taken.

23  And so the Lord God sent him away from the Paradise of enjoyment, in order to work the earth from which he was taken.

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3:24  So He drove out the man; and He placed at the east of the garden of Eden the cherubim, and the flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way to the tree of life.

Gn3:25  And he cast out Adam and caused him to dwell over against the garden of Delight, and stationed the cherubs and the fiery sword that turns about to keep the way of the tree of life.

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4:1  And the man knew Eve his wife; and she conceived and bore Cain, and said: 'I have gotten a man with the help of YHWH.'

And Adam knew Eve his wife, and she conceived and brought forth Cain and said, I have gained a man through God.

Truly, Adam knew his wife Eve, who conceived and gave birth to Cain, saying, “I have obtained a man through God.”

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4:2  And again she bore his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground.

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4:3  And in process of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an offering unto YHWH.

And it was so after some time that Cain brought of the fruits of the earth a sacrifice to the Lord.

Then it happened, after many days, that Cain offered gifts to the Lord, from the fruits of the earth.

4:4  And Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of the fat thereof. And YHWH had respect unto Abel and to his offering;

And Abel also brought of the first born of his sheep and of his fatlings, and God looked upon Abel and his gifts,

Abel likewise offered from the firstborn of his flock, and from their fat. And the Lord looked with favor on Abel and his gifts.

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4:5  but unto Cain and to his offering He had not respect. And Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.

but Cain and his sacrifices he regarded not, and Cain was exceedingly sorrowful and his countenance fell.

But with Cain and with his offering he was not pleased. So Cain was exceedingly displeased, and his countenance was sad.

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4:6  And YHWH said unto Cain: 'Why art thou wroth? and why is thy countenance fallen?

And the Lord God said to Cain, Why art thou become very sorrowful and why is thy countenance fallen?

And the Lord said to him: “Why are you angry? And why is your face fallen?

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4:7  If thou doest well, shall it not be lifted up? and if thou doest not well, sin coucheth at the door; and unto thee is its desire, but thou mayest rule over it.'

If you behave well, will you not receive? But if you behave badly, will not sin at once be present at the door? And so its desire will be within you, and you will be dominated by it.”

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4:8  And Cain spoke unto Abel his brother. And it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him.

And Cain said to Abel his brother, Let us go out into the plain; and it came to pass that when they were in the plain Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him.

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4:9  And YHWH said unto Cain: 'Where is Abel thy brother?' And he said: 'I know not; am I my brother's keeper?'

And the Lord God said to Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? and he said, I know not, am I my brother’s keeper?

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4:10  And He said: 'What hast thou done? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto Me from the ground.

10  And the LORD said, What have you done? The voice of your brother's blood cries to me from the ground.

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4:11  And now cursed art thou from the ground, which hath opened her mouth to receive thy brother's blood from thy hand.

11  Now, therefore, you will be cursed upon the land, which opened its mouth and received the blood of your brother at your hand.

11  And from henceforth, you are cursed from the earth, which has opened its mouth to receive your brother's blood from your hand;

4:12  When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive and a wanderer shalt thou be in the earth.'

12  When you work it, it will not give you its fruit; a vagrant and a fugitive shall you be upon the land.”

12  When you till the ground, it shall no more yield to you its strength; a fugitive and a wanderer shall you be on the earth.

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4:13  And Cain said unto YHWH: 'My punishment is greater than I can bear.

13  And Cain said to the Lord God, My crime is too great for me to be forgiven.

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4:14  Behold, Thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the land; and from Thy face shall I be hid; and I shall be a fugitive and a wanderer in the earth; and it will come to pass, that whosoever findeth me will slay me.'

14  If thou castest me out this day from the face of the earth, and I shall be hidden from thy presence, and I shall be groaning and trembling upon the earth, then it will be that any one that finds me shall slay me.

14  Behold, you have cast me out this day before the face of the earth, and from your face I will be hidden; and I will be a vagrant and a fugitive on the earth. Therefore, anyone who finds me will kill me.”

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4:15  And YHWH said unto him: 'Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold.' And the YHWH set a sign for Cain, lest any finding him should smite him.

15  And the Lord God said to him, Not so, any one that slays Cain shall suffer seven-fold vengeance; and the Lord God set a mark upon Cain that no one that found him might slay him.

15  And the Lord said to him: “By no means will it be so; rather, whoever would kill Cain, will be punished sevenfold.” And the Lord placed a seal upon Cain, so that anyone who found him would not put him to death.

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4:16  And Cain went out from the presence of YHWH, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden.

16  So Cain went forth from the presence of God and dwelt in the land of Nod over against Edem.

16  And so Cain, departing from the face of the Lord, lived as a fugitive on the earth, toward the eastern region of Eden.

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4:17  And Cain knew his wife; and she conceived, and bore Enoch; and he builded a city, and called the name of the city after the name of his son Enoch.

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4:18  And unto Enoch was born Irad; and Irad begot Mehujael; and Mehujael begot Methushael; and Methushael begot Lamech.

18  And to Enoch was born Gaidad; and Gaidad begot Maleleel; and Maleleel begot Mathusala; and Mathusala begot Lamech.

18  Thereafter, Enoch conceived Irad, and Irad conceived Mahujael, and Mahujael conceived Mathusael, and Mathusael conceived Lamech.

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4:19  And Lamech took unto him two wives; the name of one was Adah, and the name of the other Zillah.

19  Lamech took two wives: the name of one was Adah, and the name of the other was Zillah.

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4:20  And Adah bore Jabal; he was the father of such as dwell in tents and have cattle.

20  And Ada bore Jobel; he was the father of those that dwell in tents, feeding cattle.

20  And Adah conceived Jabel, who was the father of those who live in tents and are shepherds.

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4:21  And his brother's name was Jubal; he was the father of all such as handle the harp and pipe.

21  And the name of his brother was Jubal; he it was who invented the psaltery and harp.

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4:22  And Zillah, she also bore Tubal-cain, the forger of every cutting instrument of brass and iron; and the sister of Tubal-cain was Naamah.

22  Zillah also conceived Tubalcain, who was a hammerer and artisan in every work of brass and iron. In fact, the sister of Tubalcain was Noema.

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4:23  And Lamech said unto his wives: Adah and Zillah, hear my voice; ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my speech; for I have slain a man for wounding me, and a young man for bruising me;

23  And Lamech said to his wives, Ada and Sella, Hear my voice, ye wives of Lamech, consider my words, because I have slain a man to my sorrow and a youth to my grief.

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4:24  If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold.

24  Because vengeance has been exacted seven times on Cain’s behalf, on Lamech’s it shall be seventy times seven.

24  Sevenfold vengeance will be given for Cain, but for Lamech, seventy-seven times.”

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4:25  And Adam knew his wife again; and she bore a son, and called his name Seth: 'for God hath appointed me another seed instead of Abel; for Cain slew him.'

25  And Adam knew Eve his wife, and she conceived and bore a son, and called his name Seth, saying, For God has raised up to me another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew.

25  Adam also knew his wife again, and she gave birth to a son, and she called his name Seth, saying, “God has given me another offspring, in place of Abel, whom Cain killed.”

4:26  And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his name Enosh; then began men to call upon the name of YHWH.

26  And Seth had a son, and he called his name Enos: he hoped to call on the name of the Lord God.

26  But to Seth also was born a son, whom he called Enos. This one began to invoke the name of the Lord.

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5:1  This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, in the likeness of God made He him;

This is the genealogy of men in the day in which God made Adam; in the image of God he made him

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5:2  male and female created He them, and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the day when they were created.

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5:3  And Adam lived a hundred and thirty years, and begot a son in his own likeness, after his image; and called his name Seth.

Then Adam lived for one hundred and thirty years. And then he conceived a son in his own image and likeness, and he called his name Seth.

5:4  And the days of Adam after he begot Seth were eight hundred years; and he begot sons and daughters.

And after he conceived Seth, the days of Adam that passed were eight hundred years. And he conceived sons and daughters.

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5:5  And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years; and he died.

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5:6  And Seth lived a hundred and five years, and begot Enosh.

Seth likewise lived for one hundred and five years, and then he conceived Enos.

5:7  And Seth lived after he begot Enosh eight hundred and seven years, and begot sons and daughters.

And after he conceived Enos, Seth lived for eight hundred and seven years, and he conceived sons and daughters.

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5:8  And all the days of Seth were nine hundred and twelve years; and he died.

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5:9  And Enosh lived ninety years, and begot Kenan.

In truth, Enos lived ninety years, and then he conceived Cainan.

5:10  And Enosh lived after he begot Kenan eight hundred and fifteen years, and begot sons and daughters.

10  After his birth, he lived eight hundred and fifteen years, and he conceived sons and daughters.

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5:11  And all the days of Enosh were nine hundred and five years; and he died.

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5:12  And Kenan lived seventy years, and begot Mahalalel.

12  And Cainan lived an hundred and seventy years, and he begot Maleleel.

12  Likewise, Cainan lived seventy years, and then he conceived Mahalalel.

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5:13  And Kenan lived after he begot Mahalalel eight hundred and forty years, and begot sons and daughters.

13  And after he conceived Mahalalel, Cainan lived for eight hundred and forty years, and he conceived sons and daughters.

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5:14  And all the days of Kenan were nine hundred and ten years; and he died.

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5:15  And Mahalalel lived sixty and five years, and begot Jared.

15  And Maleleel lived an hundred and sixty and five years, and he begot Jared.

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5:16  And Mahalalel lived after he begot Jared eight hundred and thirty years, and begot sons and daughters.

16  And after he conceived Jared, Mahalalel lived for eight hundred and thirty years, and he conceived sons and daughters.

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5:17  And all the days of Mahalalel were eight hundred ninety and five years; and he died.

5:18  And Jared lived a hundred sixty and two years, and begot Enoch.

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5:19  And Jared lived after he begot Enoch eight hundred years, and begot sons and daughters.

19  And after he conceived Enoch, Jared lived for eight hundred years, and he conceived sons and daughters.

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5:20  And all the days of Jared were nine hundred sixty and two years; and he died.

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5:21  And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begot Methuselah.

21  Now Enoch lived for sixty-five years, and then he conceived Methuselah.

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5:22  And Enoch walked with God after he begot Methuselah three hundred years, and begot sons and daughters.

22  And Enoch was well-pleasing to God after his begetting Mathusala, two hundred years, and he begot sons and daughters.

22  And Enoch found favor in the presence of God three hundred years after he begot Methuselah, and begot sons and daughters;

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5:23  And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years.

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5:24  And Enoch walked with God, and he was not; for God took him.

24  And he walked with God, and then he was seen no more, because God took him.

24  And Enoch found favor in the presence of God, and disappeared; for God took him away.

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5:25  And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years, and begot Lamech.

25  Likewise, Methuselah lived for one hundred and eighty-seven years, and then he conceived Lamech.

5:26  And Methuselah lived after he begot Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begot sons and daughters.

26  And after he conceived Lamech, Methuselah lived for seven hundred and eighty-two years, and he conceived sons and daughters.

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5:27  And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years; and he died.

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5:28  And Lamech lived a hundred eighty and two years, and begot a son.

28  Then Lamech lived for one hundred and eighty-two years, and he conceived a son.

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5:29  And he called his name Noah, saying: 'This same shall comfort us in our work and in the toil of our hands, which cometh from the ground which YHWH hath cursed.'

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5:30  And Lamech lived after he begot Noah five hundred ninety and five years, and begot sons and daughters.

30  And after he conceived Noah, Lamech lived for five hundred and ninety-five years, and he conceived sons and daughters.

5:31  And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred seventy and seven years; and he died.

31  And all the days of Lamech that passed were seven hundred and seventy-seven years, and then he died. In truth, when Noah was five hundred years old, he conceived Shem, Ham, and Japheth.

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5:32  And Noah was five hundred years old; and Noah begot Shem, Ham, and Japheth.

Gn6:1  And Noe was five hundred years old, and he begot three sons, Sem, Cham, and Japheth.

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6:1  And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them,

And when men began to be multiplied upon the earth, and daughters were born to them,

6:2  that the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives, whomsoever they chose.

the sons of God, seeing that the daughters of men were beautiful, took to themselves wives from all whom they chose.

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6:3  And YHWH said: 'My spirit shall not abide in man for ever, for that he also is flesh; therefore shall his days be a hundred and twenty years.'

Gn6:4  And the Lord God said, My Spirit shall certainly not remain among these men for ever, because they are flesh, but their days shall be an hundred and twenty years.

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6:4  The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them; the same were the mighty men that were of old, the men of renown.

Gn6:5  Now the giants were upon the earth in those days; and after that when the sons of God were wont to go in to the daughters of men, they bore children to them, those were the giants of old, the men of renown.

Now giants were upon the earth in those days. For after the sons of God went in to the daughters of men, and they conceived, these became the powerful ones of ancient times, men of renown.

6:5  And YHWH saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.

Gn6:6  And the Lord God, having seen that the wicked actions of men were multiplied upon the earth, and that every one in his heart was intently brooding over evil continually,

Then God, seeing that the wickedness of men was great upon the earth and that every thought of their heart was intent upon evil at all times,

6:6  And it repented YHWH that He had made man on the earth, and it grieved Him at His heart.

Gn6:7  then God laid it to heart that he had made man upon the earth, and he pondered it deeply.

repented that he had made man on the earth. And being touched inwardly with a sorrow of heart,

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6:7  And YHWH said: 'I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and creeping thing, and fowl of the air; for it repenteth Me that I have made them.'

he said, “I will eliminate man, whom I have created, from the face of the earth, from man to other living things, from animals even to the flying things of the air. For it grieves me that I have made them.”

So the LORD said, I will destroy men whom I have created from the face of the earth; both men and animals, and the creeping things, and the fowls of the air; I am sorry that I have made them.

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6:8  But Noah found grace in the eyes of YHWH.

Gn6:9  But Noe found grace before the Lord God.

Yet truly, Noah found grace before the Lord.

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6:9  These are the generations of Noah. Noah was in his generations a man righteous and whole-hearted; Noah walked with God.

Gn6:10  And these are the generations of Noe. Noe was a just man; being perfect in his generation, Noe was well-pleasing to God.

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6:10  And Noah begot three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth.

10  And he conceived three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth.

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6:11  And the earth was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence.

11  Yet the earth was corrupted before the eyes of God, and it was filled with iniquity.

11  The earth was corrupt in the presence of God, and the earth was filled with wickedness.

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6:12  And God saw the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted their way upon the earth.

Gn6:13  And the Lord God saw the earth, and it was corrupted; because all flesh had corrupted its way upon the earth.

12  And when God had seen that the earth had been corrupted, (indeed, all flesh had corrupted its way upon the earth)

6:13  And God said unto Noah: 'The end of all flesh is come before Me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth.

Gn6:14  And the Lord God said to Noe, A period of all men is come before me; because the earth has been filled with iniquity by them, and, behold, I destroy them and the earth.

13  he said to Noah: “The end of all flesh has arrived in my sight. The earth has been filled with iniquity by their presence, and I will destroy them, along with the earth.

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6:14  Make thee an ark of gopher wood; with rooms shalt thou make the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch.

Gn6:15  Make therefore for thyself an ark of square timber; thou shalt make the ark in compartments, and thou shalt pitch it within and without with pitch.

14  Make yourself an ark from smoothed wood. You shall make little dwelling places in the ark, and you shall smear pitch on the interior and exterior.

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6:15  And this is how thou shalt make it: the length of the ark three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.

Gn6:16  And thus shalt thou make the ark; three hundred cubits the length of the ark, and fifty cubits the breadth, and thirty cubits the height of it.

15  And thus shall you make it: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, its width fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits.

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6:16  A light shalt thou make to the ark, and to a cubit shalt thou finish it upward; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it.

16  You shall make a window in the ark, and you shall complete it within a cubit of the top. Then you shall set the door of the ark at its side. You shall make in it: a lower part, upper rooms, and a third level.

16  And you shall make a window in the ark, and to the width of a cubit shall you finish it above; and the door of the ark you shall make in its side; with lower, second, and third decks you shall make it.

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6:17  And I, behold, I do bring the flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; every thing that is in the earth shall perish.

Gn6:18  And behold I bring a flood of water upon the earth, to destroy all flesh in which is the breath of life under heaven, and whatsoever things are upon the earth shall die.

17  Behold, I shall bring the waters of a great flood upon the earth, so as to put to death all flesh in which there is the breath of life under heaven. All things that are on the earth shall be consumed.

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6:18  But I will establish My covenant with thee; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee.

18  And I shall establish my covenant with you, and you shall enter the ark, you and your sons, your wife and the wives of your sons with you.

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6:19  And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female.

Gn6:20  And of all cattle and of all reptiles and of all wild beasts, even of all flesh, thou shalt bring by pairs of all, into the ark, that thou mayest feed them with thyself: male and female they shall be.

19  And from every living thing of all that is flesh, you shall lead pairs into the ark, so that they may survive with you: from the male sex and the female,

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6:20  Of the fowl after their kind, and of the cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the ground after its kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive.

Gn6:21  Of all winged birds after their kind, and of all cattle after their kind, and of all reptiles creeping upon the earth after their kind, pairs of all shall come in to thee, male and female to be fed with thee.

20  from birds, according to their kind, and from beasts, in their kind, and from among all animals on earth, according to their kind; pairs from each shall enter with you, so that they may be able to live.

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6:21  And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for them.'

21  Therefore, you shall take with you from all the foods that are able to be eaten, and you shall carry these with you. And these shall be used as food, some for you, and the rest for them.”

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6:22  Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he.

Gn6:23  And Noe did all things whatever the Lord God commanded him, so did he.

22  And so Noah did all things just as God had instructed him.

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7:1  And YHWH said unto Noah: 'Come thou and all thy house into the ark; for thee have I seen righteous before Me in this generation.

And the Lord God said to Noe, Enter thou and all thy family into the ark, for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation.

THEN God said to Noah, Enter into the ark; you and all your household, for you alone have I seen righteous before me in this generation.

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7:2  Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee seven and seven, each with his mate; and of the beasts that are not clean two and two , each with his mate;

And of the clean cattle take in to thee sevens, male and female, and of the unclean cattle pairs male and female.

From all the clean animals, take seven and seven, the male and the female. Yet truly, from animals that are unclean, take two and two, the male and the female.

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7:3  of the fowl also of the air, seven and seven, male and female; to keep seed alive upon the face of all the earth.

And of clean flying creatures of the sky sevens, male and female, and of all unclean flying creatures pairs, male and female, to maintain seed on all the earth.

Likewise, of the fowls of the air that are clean seven pairs, both males and the females; to keep their posterity alive upon the face of the earth.

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7:4  For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I blot out from off the face of the earth.'

For from that point, and after seven days, I will rain upon the earth for forty days and forty nights. And I will wipe away every substance that I have made, from the surface of the earth.”

7:5  And Noah did according unto all that YHWH commanded him.

Therefore, Noah did all things just as the Lord had commanded him.

7:6  And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth.

And he was six hundred years old when the waters of the great flood inundated the earth.

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7:7  And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood.

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7:8  Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that creepeth upon the ground,

And of clean flying creatures and of unclean flying creatures, and of clean cattle and of unclean cattle, and of all things that creep upon the earth,

And from the animals both clean and unclean, and from the birds, and from everything that moves upon the earth,

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7:9  there went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, male and female, as God commanded Noah.

pairs went in to Noe into the ark, male and female, as God commanded Noe.

two by two they were brought into the ark to Noah, male and female, just as the Lord had instructed Noah.

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7:10  And it came to pass after the seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth.

10  And when seven days had passed, the waters of the great flood inundated the earth.

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7:11  In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened.

7:12  And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights.

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7:13  In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark;

13  On that very day entered Noe, Sem, Cham, Japheth, the sons of Noe, and the wife of Noe, and the three wives of his sons with him into the ark.

13  On the very same day, Noah and his sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and his wife and the three wives of his sons with them, entered the ark.

7:14  they, and every beast after its kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after its kind, and every fowl after its kind, every bird of every sort.

14  And all the wild beasts after their kind, and all cattle after their kind, and every reptile moving itself on the earth after its kind, and every flying bird after its kind,

14  They and every animal according to its kind, and all the cattle in their kind, and everything that moves upon the earth in their kind, and every flying thing according to its kind, all the birds and all that can fly,

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7:15  And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh wherein is the breath of life.

15  went in to Noe into the ark, pairs, male and female of all flesh in which is the breath of life.

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7:16  And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God commanded him; and YHWH shut him in.

16  And those that entered went in male and female, from all that is flesh, just as God had instructed him. And then the Lord closed him in from the outside.

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7:17  And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bore up the ark, and it was lifted up above the earth.

17  And the flood was upon the earth forty days and forty nights, and the water abounded greatly and bore up the ark, and it was lifted on high from off the earth.

17  And the great flood occurred for forty days upon the earth. And the waters were increased, and they lifted the ark high above the land.

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7:18  And the waters prevailed, and increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters.

18  For they overflowed greatly, and they filled everything on the surface of the earth. And then the ark was carried across the waters.

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7:19  And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high mountains that were under the whole heaven were covered.

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7:20  Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered.

20  The water was fifteen cubits higher than the mountains which it covered.

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7:21  And all flesh perished that moved upon the earth, both fowl, and cattle, and beast, and every swarming thing that swarmeth upon the earth, and every man;

21  And all flesh was consumed which moved upon the earth: flying things, animals, wild beasts, and all moving things that crawl upon the ground. And all men,

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7:22  all in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life, whatsoever was in the dry land, died.

22  And all things which have the breath of life, and whatever was on the dry land, died.

22  and everything in which there is the breath of life on earth, died.

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7:23  And He blotted out every living substance which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and creeping thing, and fowl of the heaven; and they were blotted out from the earth; and Noah only was left, and they that were with him in the ark.

23  And he wiped away all substance that was upon the earth, from man to animal, the crawling things just as much as the flying things of the air. And they were wiped away from the earth. But only Noah remained, and those who were with him in the ark.

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7:24  And the waters prevailed upon the earth a hundred and fifty days.

Reception

Music

1:1f; 2:4 The Creation (Die Schöpfung) Composed between 1796 and 1798, with a public premiere in 1799, this oratorio is doubtless Haydn's masterpiece. Evocative of Haydn's profound religious faith, The Creation is a paean to the beauty and joy of existence as God intended it. Notably, the Fall is absent from the oratorio: it ends with Adam and Eve's first meeting. On the one hand, one could argue that this omission reflects the 18th century's optimism that generally rejected the concept of Original Sin, as seen in the thought of Voltaire and Rousseau. One the other hand, Haydn suffered bouts of melancholy and lived a harsh life before he found stable employment: perhaps for him, the fact of Original Sin is obvious, for its effects are visible everywhere; the goodness of creation as revealed in Gn 1-2, however, is not obvious and must be proclaimed as loudly as possible. Perhaps this is reflected in remarks Haydn made regarding the oratorio in an 1802 letter:

  • "Often, when I was struggling with all kinds of obstacles…a secret voice whispered to me: 'There are so few happy and contented people in this world; sorrow and grief follow them everywhere; perhaps your labour will become a source from which the careworn…will for a while derive peace and refreshment'" (Source→).

The Creation begins with a Prelude that depicts Chaos by withholding musical cadences from ends of phrases and gradually becomes more systematic to finally culminate in the orchestra and the choir coming together in a luminous chord for "let there be Light". Three soloists represent three angles who narrate and comment upon the six days of creation: Gabriel (soprano), Uriel (tenor), and Raphael (bass). The final act features Adam (bass) and Eve (soprano). Their lovely duet Holde Gattin may have been inspired by the duet between Papageno and Papageno in the Magic Flute.

Haydn's last public appearance was at an 1808 performance of The Creation. Biographer J. Cuthbert Hadden thus describes the scene:

  • "Naumann, writing of it, says that 'such an apotheosis of the master was witnessed as has but few parallels,' and this is no exaggeration. The performance, which was under the direction of Salieri, had been arranged in honour of his approaching seventy-sixth birthday. All the great artists of Vienna were present, among them Beethoven and Hummel. Prince Esterhazy had sent his carriage to bring the veteran to the hall, and, as he was being conveyed in an arm-chair to a place among the princes and nobles, the whole audience rose to their feet in testimony of their regard....When that magnificent passage was reached, 'And there was light,' they burst into loud applause, and Haydn, overcome with excitement, exclaimed, 'Not I, but a Power from above created that.' The performance went on, but it proved too much for the old man, and friends arranged to take him home at the end of the first part. As he was being carried out, some of the highest of the land crowded round to take what was felt to be a last farewell; and Beethoven, forgetting incidents of early days, bent down and fervently kissed his hand and forehead. Having reached the door, Haydn asked his bearers to pause and turn him towards the orchestra. Then, lifting his hand, as if in the act of blessing, he was borne out into the night" (Source→).

 Joseph Haydn (1732-1809), Gottfried van Swieten (livret), Die Schöpfung, (Hob. XXI:2), 1796-1798

William Cutter (dir.), The MIT Concert Choir→, © Licence YouTube standard

This performance→ employs the original German libretto, which is far superior to the English.

Visual Arts

2:7–25 Creation of Adam and Eve

Creation revealed by redemption

Hubert van Eyck (1366–1426) et Jan Van Eyck (1390–1441), Ghent Altarpiece (opened), (oil on oak panel, 1432), 3.75 × 5.20 m, St. Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium.

Public Domain © Wikicommons→

MEDITATION

All of the personages depicted in the altarpiece are oriented towards the Lamb, immolated yet victorious. He the being from which biblical history and, more generally the history of man begins to be revealed and transfigured (cf. Jn 1). Moreover, the history of the Covenant since the creation of humanity forms a constellation around the savior. Adam and Eve are at the most extreme distance from Christ. The darkness which surrounds their bodies symbolizes their Fall in the Garden of Eden.

Curiously, they do not stand at the beginning of the tableau as they do at the beginning of Scripture, but they frame either side of the work of Salvation. Their destiny enters into a different temporality. The linearity of the chronology disappears thanks to a unique moment of grace from which all takes meaning: the sacrifice and the triumph of the Lamb. The Lamb, clouded by a pure white light, cleanly contrasts with the pallor of Adam and Eve, still affected by the consequences of Original Sin. The spae thus models another understanding of time. The history of things is replaced by the history of their signification.

From Paradise gifted to Paradise lost

Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378–1455), Creation of Adam and Eve (bronze, ca. 1425–1452), baptistery door, "The Gate of Paradise," Florence.

Public Domain © Wikicommons→

MEDITATION

Here, the sculpted relief transform our ordinary "perspective." That which is distant is blurred in favor of that which is near. Thus the angels bit by bit merge with the infinity of heaven while the scene of the Creation and the Fall of Adam and Eve present some distinct forms and clear traits. This new method, where depth and movement are conjoined, is a signature method of the Renaissance which owes its paternity to Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1517). In this representation, God ascends and distances himself inasmuch as Man embraces his own existence to the point of cutting himself off from Him by sin. While this progressive effacement of God, paralleled with the slipping of Man towards the exterior, is a direct effect of this new Italian technique, it also allows us to understand how much creation implies separation between man and God. 

The Golden Age before the ages

Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568–1625) et Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640), Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden (oil on panel, ca. 1615), 74.3 x 114.7 cm.

Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis, The Hague, Public Domain © Wikimedia commons→, Gn 2–3

In this scene of the earthly paradise the animals are depicted in the background amidst luxurious vegetation, while Adam and Eve are in represented the foreground. Eve, in taking the apple offered by the serpent, is just about to disrupt this sweet harmony wherein "the wolf dwells with the lamb" (Is 11:6; 65:20). This was the morning of the world, and we are just at the threshold of the Fall: the painter seems to cast a nostalgic glance over that bygone age of perfect concord both between God and man and between man and the rest of creation. This bestiary is depicted in coherence with the Christian vision of the world, and particularly in its conception of Time. Indeed, it is God who creates the animals, but they are entrusted to man, who is given the task of naming them (Gn 2:20). And it is Noah who would later save them. This tableau is much more than a simple representation of animals: the painting becomes the support of an experience of the world that invites the spectator to engage himself in a reflection upon Creation in cultivating contemplation and meditation. In the 17th c., such paintings would function of edifying the spectator by showing the inexhaustible diversity of nature animated by the divine breath, given to man and manifesting the goodenss of God. Artistic pleasure unites itself with spiritual edification (P. J.-M. N.).

MEDITATION

Still dwelling in an earthly paradise, the animals have no suspicion of the imminent Fall. The luxurious vegetation, which  continues to be fecund according to God's primordial design, is likewise unconscious of the tragedie which awaits it. In the foreground, however, Adam and Eve are ready to eat the forbidden fruit. The loss of this sweet harmony between all levels of being—God, man, men and women, man and creation, animal with animal, etc.—marks the diffusion of evils in the whole of nature, and not only in human nature.

It is not good for man to be alone

Gustave Doré (1832-1883), The Creation of Eve, (Gravure sur bois, 1866)

Public Domain © Wikicommons→

MEDITATON

This engraving focuses particularly upon the Light of creation. While God is traditionally represented as an artisan in the iconography of the Creation, here he is depicted as an element of the universe. His causality, admittedly direct, is less tangible. Eve is not taken from Adam by the hand of God, and it is for this reason that her creation acquires a stronger spiritual dimension. The more literal image is lacking, and another one, more visual, is born. In this sense, the creation of the first woman is not the result of divine craftsmanship but the fruit of a divine gaze, a gaze that is the source of her life. The role of the Light in nature is, at root, none other than that here. By it, flora increase and grow abundantly. Likewise, Eve receives this mysterious gift.      

3:6e she gave also unto her husband with her, and he did eat Eve's Responsibility

16e s.

The seductive fruit

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Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), Adam and Eve, (oil on canvas, 1507), 209 × 81 cm et 209 × 80 cm

Musée du Prado, public domain © Wikicommons→

A round proposition

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Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472–1553), Adam and Eve, (oil on canvas, 1528), 172 × 63 cm et 167 × 61 cm

Uffizi, Florence, public domain © Wikicommons→

The apple between psalms

Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472–1553), Adam and Eve, (oil on panel, 1533), 47 X 35 cm

Gemäldegalerie der Staatlichen Museen, Berlin

© D.R. Ronald Klip, artbible.info→

How do you like them apples?

Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472–1553), Adam and Eve, (oil on panel, 1538), 50 x 34.5 cm

Národní galerie v Praze, Palais Sternberg, Prague — inv. CZ_NGP_DO5380

© D.R Ronald Klip, artbible.info→

Composition 

Eve appears here as the principle agent of the Fall, since she gives the forbidden fruit to her husband. Cranah painted the Fall in 1526, 1528, and 1538. In the last version, Eve even places the apple of discord into the mouth of Adam, while the serpent smiles at this sight.

The black market

Tintoretto (1518-1594), The Original Sin (oil on canvas, 1551-1552), 150 x 220 cm

Gallerie dell'Accademia de Venise, Italie

Public domain © Wikicommons→